A.D.

adverb

in the Christian era; used before dates after the supposed year Christ was born

-

in AD 200

• Syn: ↑AD, ↑anno Domini

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1. active duty.

2. in the year of the Lord; since Christ was born: Charlemagne was born in A.D. 742. [ < L anno Domini]

3. art director.

4. assembly district.

5. assistant director.

6. athletic director.

7. average deviation.

Usage. Because ANNO DOMINI means "in the year of the Lord," its abbreviation A.D. was originally placed before rather than after a date: The Roman conquest of Britain began in A.D. 43 (or began A.D. 43). In edited writing, it is still usually placed before the date. But, by analogy with the position of B.C. "before Christ," which always appears after a date (Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C.), A.D. is also frequently found after the date in all types of writing, including historical works: The Roman emperor Claudius I lived from 10 B.C. to 54 A.D. Despite its literal meaning, A.D. is also used to designate centuries, being placed after the specified century: the second century A.D.

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ad¹ «ad», noun.

Informal. an advertisement: »

... the breathless, exotic coquetry of the cosmetic ads (Saturday Review).

Usage Ad is the clipped form of advertisement in the United States and Canada, and is also spreading in use in Great Britain; advert is a form used less often in Great Britain.

ad² «ad», noun.

advantage (the first point won in a game of tennis after deuce).

ad-,

prefix.

1. to; toward, as in admit, administer, adverb, advert.

2. at; near, as in adjacent, adrenal. Also: a- before sc, sp, st; ab- before b; ac- before c, k, q; af- before f; ag- before g; al- before l; an- before n; ap- before p; ar- before r; as- before s; at- before t.

╂[< Latin ad- < ad to, toward, at]

ad.,

advertisement.

a.d.,

Commerce. after date.

AD (no periods),

1. adenoid-degenerating (of a type of respiratory disease).

2. Alzheimer's disease.

A/D,

analogue to digital (conversion in computers).

A.D. or AD (no periods),

since Christ was born; after the birth of Christ: »

Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope in 800 A.D. From A.D. 100 to A.D. 500 is 400 years.

╂[for Late Latin annō Dominī in the year of our Lord]

Usage A.D. might be expected to occur only with a particular year: »

1376 A.D.

It has long been used, however, in the sense “after Christ,” corresponding to B.C., “before Christ”: »

the 5th century A.D.

With a particular year, it often occurs before the figure: »

A.D. 1376.

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↑AD

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AD (BrE) (NAmE A.D.) [ˌeɪ ˈdiː] [ˌeɪ ˈdiː] abbreviation

used in the Christian ↑calendar to show a particular number of years since the year when Christ was believed to have been born (from Latin ‘ Anno Domini ’)

•

in (the year) AD 55

•

in 55 AD

•

in the fifth century AD

compare ↑AH, ↑BC, ↑BCE, ↑CE

 

Culture:

the calendar [AD the calendar]

Britain and the US follow the Gregorian calendar, which replaced the Roman Julian calendar in 1752. The year is divided into 12 months, with 30 or 31 days in each month, except February, which has 28 days. An extra day is added to February every fourth year, called a leap year, to keep the calendar in time with the moon. A well-known verse helps people remember how many days there are in each month: Thirty days hath September, April, June and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, Which hath twenty-eight days clear, and twenty-nine in each leap year.

The calendar year starts on 1 January, ↑New Year's Day. The number of each year (2003, 2004, et c. ) represents the number of years that have passed since the birth of Jesus Christ. The year 2000 marked the end of the second millennium (= a period of 1 000 years) since Christ was born. The years before Christ are described as BC (= before Christ), e.g. 55 BC, or BCE (= before the Common Era). The abbreviations AD (Latin Anno Domini, meaning ‘in the year of the Lord’) or CE (= Common Era) are put before or after the date for the years after Christ’s birth, e.g. AD 44 or 44 AD, but they are not used with years after about 200 AD. Some cultural and religious groups use different calendars: the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar began during the year 5760 in the Jewish calendar, 1420 in the Islamic calendar and 1921 in the Hindu calendar.

The academic year used by schools and colleges in Britain runs from September to July, with short holidays at ↑Christmas and in the spring and a long summer vacation. In the US the academic year runs from August or September to May or June. Many business companies have a financial year (= a period of accounting) that runs from April to the following March. The tax year in the US is the same as the calendar year but the tax year in Britain begins on 5 April. The reason is that in ↑medieval times the calendar year began on 25 March, not 1 January. When the Gregorian Calendar was introduced, an adjustment was needed and 11 days were removed from September 1752. To avoid being accused of collecting a full year’s taxes in a short year, the government extended the end of the tax year 1752–3 to 4 April.

Many festivals are celebrated during the year. Christmas and Easter are the main Christian festivals. Jews remember Passover and Yom Kippur. Ramadan, a month of fasting, and Eid ul-Fitr are celebrated by Muslims. Diwali, the Hindu festival of light, takes place in October or November, and the Chinese celebrate their new year in January or February. Special occasions such as ↑Bonfire Night in Britain and Thanksgiving in the US are enjoyed by almost everyone.